Political and Governance Systems (Theocracy, Marxist-Leninism, Liberal Democracy)
“Social Credit “in” or “as” the Cage of Regulation of Socialist Legality,” The China Review 24(3):71-106 (2024) DOWNLOAD HERE: https://www.backerinlaw.com/Site/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/CR24.3_71-106.pdf
Larry Catá Backer, “Legal Semiotics, Globalization, and Governance,” in (Anne Wagner and Sarah Marusek (editors)) Research Handbook on Legal Semiotics (Cheltenham, Eng., Edward Elgar, 2023) 61-85. Access submission draft here
Larry Catá Backer and Flora Sapio, “Popular Consultation and Referendum in the Making of Contemporary Cuban Socialist Democracy Practice and Constitutional Theory, University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review 27(1):37-130 (2020). ACCESS ARTICLE HERE: https://www.backerinlaw.com/Site/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Popular-Consultation-and-Referendum-in-the-Making-of-Contemporary.pdf
Larry Catá Backer, Flora Sapio, and James Korman, “Popular Participation in the Constitution of the Illiberal State: An empirical Study of Popular Engagement and Constitutional Reform in Cuba and the Contours of Cuban Socialist Democracy 2.0,” Emory International Law Review 34: 183-276 (2020). ACCESS ARTICLE HERE: https://www.backerinlaw.com/Site/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/backer-sapio-korman.pdf
“The External Capitalist and Internal Marxist—The Fundamental Contradiction of Cuban Economic Reintegration in the Global Economic Order and the Role of the U.S.” Cuba in Transition: Proceedings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy 29:– (2020) DOWNLOAD ESSAY HERE: Backer_29_ASCE_ProceedingsBACKERINLAW
“China’s Social Credit System: Data-Driven Governance for a ‘New Era’,” Current History (September 2019). ACCESS TEXT HERE: https://www.backerinlaw.com/Site/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/curh_118_809_209.pdf
“Theorizing Regulatory Governance Within its Ecology: The Structure of Management in an Age of Globalization,” Contemporary Politics 24(5):— (Special Issue (online, 2018; print forthcoming)). DOWNLOAD PRE-PUBLICATION VERSION HERE:REV_12-2017BackerV5_CLEAN
“Between the Judge and the Law—Judicial Independence and Authority with Chinese Characteristics,” Connecticut Journal of International Law 33(1):1-41 (2017); DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Backer Formatted (Final)33(1)CJIL2017
Central Planning Versus Markets Marxism: Their Differences and Consequences for the International Ordering of State, Law, Politics, and Economy, Connecticut Journal of International Law 32(1) :1-47 (2016). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: CT Journal of International Law
The Cuban Communist Party at the Center of Political and Economic Reform: Current Status and Future Reform, Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review 8:71-129 (2015). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review – Vol. VIII, No. 1 – Spring 2015
Moving Forward the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights: Between Enterprise Social Norm, State Domestic Legal Orders, and the Treaty Law That Might Bind Them All, Fordham Int’l L.J. 38:457 (2015) DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: FILJ_Backer_MovingForward
The Emerging Structures of Socialist Constitutionalism With Chinese Characteristics: Extra-Judicial Detention (Laojiao and Shuanggui) and the Chinese Constitutional Order, 23(2) Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 251-341 (2014) (With Keren Wang). https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspace-law/handle/1773.1/1365 DOENLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 23PRLPJ0251
Crafting a Theory of Socialist Democracy for China in the 21st Century: Considering Hu Angang’s Theory of Collective Presidency in the Context of the Emerging Chinese Constitutional State, 16(1) Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal 29-82 (2014). blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2015/01/APLPJ_16.1_Backer.pdf DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: APLPJ_16.1_Backer
The Cooperative as a Proletarian Corporation: The Global Dimensions of Property Rights and the Organization of Economic Activity in Cuba, 33 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 527-618 (2013). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Backer_JILB_Final_Print
Party, People, Government, and State: On Constitutional Values and the Legitimacy of the Chinese State-Party Rule of Law System, 30(1) Boston University International Law Journal 331-408 (2012). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 30BUIntlLJ331(2012)China
Private Actors and Public Governance Beyond the State: The Multinational Corporation, the Financial Stability Board and the Global Governance Order, 18(2) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 751 (2011). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Vol 18 Summer 2011
Cuba And The Construction Of Alternative Global Trade Systems: ALBA And Free Trade In The Americas, 31(3) University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 679-752 (2010) (with Augusto Molina Roman). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Cuba adn the Construct of Alternative Global Trade Sys
Symposium Issue: A Constitutional Court for China Within the Chinese Communist Party?: Scientific Development and a Reconsideration of the Institutional Role of the CCP, 43(3) Suffolk Law Review 593-624 (2010). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: A Const Ct for China wi the Chinese Comm Pty
Values Economics And Theology: The Contribution Of Catholic Social Thought And Its Implications For Legal Regulatory Systems, 5(2) Economics, Management, and Financial Markets 17-56 (2010). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Economics, Management, and Financial Markets Backer article only
Theocratic Constitutionalism: An Introduction to a New Legal Global Ordering, 16(1) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 85-172 (2009). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 16IndJGlobalStub85(2009)
Cuba and the Development of Odious Debt Doctrine in an Age of Financial Crisis, 6 Transnational Dispute Management Journal 1 (Jan. 2009) (http://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=1311). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: tdm(2009)-article003
From Constitution to Constitutionalism: A Global Framework for Legitimate Public Power Systems, 113(3) Penn State Law Review 671-732 (2009). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 113PennStateLRev671(2009) updated 6-11-09
Case Note: Rights And Accountability In Development (Raid) V Das Air (21 July 2008) And Global Witness V Afrimex (28 August 2008); Small Steps Toward an Autonomous Transnational Legal System for the Regulation of Multinational Corporations, 10(1) Melbourne Journal of International Law 258-307 (2009). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 13Backer
“Monitor and Manage: MiFID and Power in the Regulation of EU Financial Markets,” Yearbook of European Law 27:349-386 (Oxford U. Press, 2008); reprinted in MiFID: A Competitive Landscape (Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press (http://www.iupindia.org/default.asp), 2008). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Yearbook of European Law-2008-Catá Backer-349-86
“Global Panopticism: Surveillance Lawmaking by Corporations, States, and Other Entities,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 15(1):101-148 (2008). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Global Panopticism
“God(s) Over Constitutions: International and Religious Transnational Constitutionalism in the 21st Century,” Mississippi College Law Review 27:11-65 (2008). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 27MissCollLRev11(2007)God(s)OverConst
Symposium: Law and the State in the Transnational Legal Order: “Reifying Law: Understanding Law Beyond the State,” Penn State International Law Review 26(3):521-563 (2008). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: Reifying Law
“From Hatuey to Che: Indigenous Cuba Without Indians and the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” American Indian Law Review 33(1):201-238 (2008-2009). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 33AmIndLRev201(2009)HatueyChe
“Economic Globalization and the Rise of Efficient Systems of Global Private Law Making: Wal-Mart as Global Legislator,” University of Connecticut Law Review39(4): 1739-1784 (2007). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 39(4)UConnLRev1739(2007)WalMart
“Odious Debt Wears Two Faces: Systemic Illegitimacy, Problems and Opportunities in Traditional Odious Debt Conceptions in Globalized Economic Regimes,” Duke Journal of Law & Contemporary Problems 70:1-46 (2007). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 70LCP1OdiousDebts2007
“Economic Globalization Ascendant: Four Perspectives on the Emerging Ideology of the State in the New Global Order,” Berkeley La Raza Law Journal 17(1):141-168 (2006). Published as “Globalização Econômica e Crise do Estado: um estudo em quatro perspectives”, Sequencia No. 51: 255-276 (December 2005). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 17BerkLaRazaLJ141(2006)EconGlobal
“Ideologies of Globalization and Sovereign Debt: Cuba and the IMF”, Penn State International Law Review 24:497-561 (2006). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 24(3)PSUIntlLRev497(2006)IdeologiesGlobal
Cuban Corporate Governance at the Crossroads: Cuban Marxism, Private Economic Collectives, and Free Market Globalism, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 14(2):337-418 (2004). DOWNLOAD ARTICLE HERE: 14TransLawContempProbs337(2004)
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